On Feburary 18, wang Yue lands the country first in " M free mountain t shirts artian surface " , he also is first disembarkation " spark " the mankind. Muscovite local time on Feburary 14, the mankind first " land Martian surface " , insert Chinese ensign, Russia ensign and banner of European space bureau on " spark " . This day, be apart from them to take airship " leave " the earth many days 250.
Just, all these is an imitating test, they ascend " Martian surface " in an experiment cabin in Muscovite outskirts, this is the mankind first imitate lands spark. All these, it is one of the most important preparation that land Martian place to make truly for the mankind; These disembarkation " spark " exterior person, be human exploration spark undoubtedly is great " precursor " .
Nevertheless, the mankind wants to land spark truly, still put in the test with a lot of huge field and challenge. In volunteers imitate lands spark to express face hind, wait even go up 10 years at least several, ability hopeful lands the mankind truly spark.
Character: Jiang Lin, party founds an army
Newest current situation
"Spark 500 " :
First imitate lands spark
The imitate recently lands report from our correspondent spark, it is the mankind first imitate spark carries a person to plan " spark 500 " a phase. In the experiment that lasts many days 500 in this, land " Martian surface " probably the most fetching attention, but what its take time the briefest however, the time of the majority is used in fly to spark and the road that fly to the earth from spark from the earth in.
"Spark going there most popular selling mountain t shirts and back " 520 days
"Spark 500 " be wait by bureau of space of Russia organization, Europe and China multilateral a participation international is large test project, whole experiment undertakes in the cabin of experiment of a whole sealing in Muscovite outskirts, 6 volunteers that come from Russia, China, France and Italy are here imitate spark goes back and forth between a flight.
On June 3, 2010, they walk into experiment cabin, set foot on fly to " spark " journey, fly to after about 250 days " spark " ; Subsequently, 6 people 2 people a group, cent is approved land in succession " spark " the surface, in " Martian surface " keep time 30 days; Later, the road that they will set foot on those who return the earth to come home, this needs to spend about 240 day time again. Whole spark goes back and forth between the journey to make an appointment with 520 days in all, this also is the time that spark of airship of human manned spaceflight going there and back needs actually. Also last many days 500 as a result of full trial process, this experiment is called " s loony tunes golden park 500 " .
"Spark 500 " the test just develops after old preparation. Before this, undertook after Ceng Xian " " spark 14 " with spark 105 " experiment. These two the experiment is " spark 500 " preliminary sex experiments.
Real challenge is more dangerous
In many days 500, 6 volunteers make an appointment with the experiment cabin of 550 stere to live in a total volume. There is single person bedroom in experiment cabin, have kitchen and dining room, have living room, toilet, have gym, shower room; The volunteer works 8 hours everyday, 8 hours lie fallow, 8 hours of Morpheus, below normal circumstance, a week can rest two days. This sounds and daily life is distinguished without what. But want to know, the their need experiment in stricture spends nearly one year of time of half in cabin.
In such long time, their food is given priority to with dehydration food and potted food, just have vegetable now and then. In road of spark going there and back, without staging post, also do not have recruit on spark.
In many days 500, they cannot see sunrise sunset, biological clock is immersed in extremely likely disord free loony tunes golden er, alleged the extravagant hopes that 8 hours of 8 hours of jobs, arrangement of 8 hours of recreational, Morpheus may become a kind to come true hard. During, they cannot smoke, cannot drink, cannot get online, cannot watch TV. Although be contacted with the communication of the ground, also want to suffer the imitate delay that is as long as 20 minutes.
To everybody, these are the challenges that are full of danger. But be in true spar the most popular plantronic wireless headset k itinerary in, the challenge that human place faces can compare these only more dangerous, more complex, more expect hard. At least, experiment but because of technical reason or volunteer body not beautiful and interrupt; Every volunteer has the right that midway exits. But in real Martian trip, once start off, cannot suspend the travel, also cannot midway is exited.
Challenge limit
Land Martian astronaut to face full-scale test
Report from our correspondent outside the tremendous difficulty besides technical respect, still a lot of difficult problem are awaiting scientists to solve, among them the most important is endless environment of itinerary, weightlessness what wait for a respect to the person's body, psychology is all-around test.
Up to now, the mankind is 438 days in the longest detention time of aerospace. But brigade place of spark needs time to exceed this one record, the mankind still will face a lot of and unknown danger and test.
The body is all-around be damaged
Aerospace basically has weightlessness and radiate to the challenge of human body. Experiment of flight of close ground orbit makes clear, long-term flight has very big effect to system of the person's cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle. Especially sweeny and bone are missing be as high as 20% above. Because the manki the best selling loony tunes golden nd goes back and forth between spark, should experience weightlessness, overweight, a variety of gravitational environments such as low gravity, want to suffer the pain of gravitational change necessarily.
The influence of weightlessness is the best selling plant lights all-around. System of muscle, skeletal, splanchnic function, immunity, can be affected badly, the problem of the sweeny that brings from this, osteoporosis makes do very hard. 2010, american scientist is research target with astronaut of 9 beautiful Russia, the body state of 40 years old of astronaut that outer space passes on discovery and 80 years old of old people are about the same.
Unborn likelihood sends abnormal
Every time enters astrospace, the mankind has risk of experience aerospace radiant, the radiate that place should face was head and shoulders above the earth to go up, although have aircraft, space suit and remedy,undertake defending.
Although had not discovered astronaut gets cancer, but surmount earthly person to bear the radiation quantity of ability can increase cancered odds. And, exceed constant the likelihood that radiation still brings gene mutation and offspring to send abnormal.
Germany university gene learns Aisen Duyisibao research report of the home says, even if in distance earth surface on the low orbit of 500 kilometers, cosmic ray also can injure the chromosome of astronaut. Usually, the cellular scale that chromosome happening mutates from 1% rise about 1.5% when, cancered risk increases significantly.
Accordingly, somebody suggests, astronaut should shift to an earlier date keep in storage is seminal.
hans wilhelmAlone feeling is serious
In long trip, the spacefarer still will face grim psychological challenge. The spacefarer is far from earthly home for a long time, be in personally inside narrow and airtight spacecraft, bring serious alone sense from this.
There has been similar lesson on the history. 2007, the United States " discover number " astronaut Li Sa Nuowakeyin attempts to murder rival in love to be arrested. And it is early in experiment 1999, two Russia astronaut produces intense struggle because of can'ting bear heavy mental pressure, bring about experiment break down.
2008, american researcher develops new computer program, can imitate true person, provide psychological guidance for astronaut. Use this one program, astronaut still can act fictitious part, read psychological book even, learn how to settle dispute thereby.
Fall ill need from cure
Generally speaking, the astronaut that can take outer space is fitness is quite good, also had had strict examination before entering outer space. How did the astronaut in road of Dan Fei travel fall ill suddenly to do? Got appendicitis how to do for instance?
In the road that flies to spark, they themselves must try to solve problem of a few common diseases. So, be in this " spark 500 " in the experiment, have special medical treatment cabin, requirement volunteer has taller autonomy.
Answer " the gender is thirsty "
To those astronaut that are worth prime of life, how to alleviate " the gender is thirsty " also be an a Gordian knot undoubtedly.
The chief scientist manage of complex medicine and healthy problem checks bureau of American country spaceflight Dr. De William points out, ought to build a special moral mechanism to answer these " difficult " .
Ni Yada of guest evening standard learns biology to teach Burr Wopu to ever also pointed out, the sexual problem that can solve the likelihood in long-distance journey to be faced with through establishing the expedition that attends by astronaut of male and female.
Core difficult problem
Carrier rocket:
Spark explores the first col
Report from our correspondent " spark 500 " imitate a lot of conditions that the mankind flies to spark, but still have a few cases cannot imitate, among them the most important carrier rocket that sends the mankind toward spark namely and airship.
Land spark:
"The graveyard of spacecraft "
Going up early century 60 time, the mankind already realized the dream that enter a month, but land spark to be not those who land a moon to expand edition. The moon is apart from the earth 380 thousand kilometer, have spaceflight with the mankind locomotive ability, 5 ～ can fly to moon face 10 days from the earth. Compare with this photograph, the difficulty that lands spark is much give a lot of times.
Blast off from the Russia before 1960 " spark 1 " detector, since open mankind explores Martian history, to the end of 2008, include Russian-American inside multilateral launched 39 spark detector early or late, successful rate is only 46% . Also leading because of the success such low, spark just is called by spaceflight bound " the graveyard of spacecraft " , this enough indicates the enormous challenge of contain of exploration spark place and risk.
Although have spark to explore actual strength of experience, spaceflight so to beautiful Russia,precede for the country of the world, landing spark still is the goal that a near future cannot achieve, sending star catalogue of suffer from excessive internal heat the face the spacefarer also was 2030 the thing later.
Martian brigade:
The rocket is crucial factor greatly
Spark and earth are same, bypass sun flight, moving orbit is elliptic, be apart from the earth there also is kilometer of about 5 ten millions when recently, farthermost Shi Zechao crosses 400 million kilometer, have the rate of carrier rocket according to the mankind, of Martian brigade roundtrip need 18 months ～ 36 months.
And " spark 500 " chose apparently between the 520 climate of the plan the shortest, also be the most Utopian journey. But actually, the time of true place need reachs Martian stay away from home extremely likely many days 700.
Arrive 700 days from 520 days, increase those who mean difficulty of the journey to promote considerably considerably, add the weight of airship greatly necessarily, and go up in the road that flies to spark, the weight that each gram add the best selling travel mugs stainless s needs a rocket to carry a fuel more, the carrier rocket with more powerful need serves as prop up.
Martian brigade needs the first has entered strategic pass, carry the mankind to go back and forth between the carrier rocket between the earth and spark just about. It wants not only enough big, can carry enough fuel, produce enough and mighty power, can send the mankind toward distant spark, bring back them the earth.
Rocket development:
Beautiful Russia " like a raging fire "
Current, can send suffer from excessive internal heat astral carrier rocket detector, still can't send suffer from excessive internal heat the star the mankind. Can say, new-style carrier rocket has become the mankind to land one of the most crucial technology difficult problem of spark.
In January 2011, russia He Luni cuts scientific research of husband country space navigation to produce a center to express, research and development a kind new-style exceed heavy-duty carrier rocket, plan 2013 first test-fire, launched manned airship to spark 2037.
In October 2010, bureau of American space navigation was announced " naval vessel of hundred years star " plan, the plan develops brand-new carrier rocket to send the mankind toward spark.
Of course, even if is such, of the United States this one brand-new carrier rocket is not quite powerful still, still also can send suffer from excessive internal heat the star only, bring back the mankind the earth feebly however, can send only hope at ascending suffer from excessive internal heat first mankind of the star builds life base in spark.
Each country competes
Each country explores Martian plan
The United States: Research and development " the brigade of one-way spark "
Like the moon, spark is one of key targets that American aerospace explores all the time. On April 15, 2010, aobama announces new outer space of the United States to explore a plan, abandon aiming of return moon " constellation plans " , regard American manned spaceflight as the destination of the plan spark.
For this, bureau of American space navigation will announce a bold plan in October last year -- the brigade of one-way spark, send astronaut to ascend star of suffer from excessive internal heat to settle forever over. This plan is named to be " naval vessel of hundred years star " , need altogether the capital of 10 billion dollar is devoted.
According to American media coverage, up to stopped this year in January, already 500 people sign up be willing to act as first having go to those who answer notting have " spark is emigrant " .
Russia:
The preparation inside 20 years flies to spark
This second " spark - 500 " of the experiment initiating one of countries is Russia. This month 14 days, countersign of arrange of Russian Federation spaceflight is as long as Weiduofu is in view and emulate " spark - 500 " project volunteer imitate is landed " spark " when say, human hopeful has made the preparation that flies to spark inside 20 years.
Be in early 20 centuries 60 time, russia made a series of to Martian plan flying before, designed all sorts of airship that fly to spark, but because fire the rocket of Martian airship,launch failure finally and stop.
At the beginning of 2010, russia decides to will enter the space on October 2010 formerly " Forbes - soil " the emissive time of Martian detector is deferred to 2011.
Europe: Plan to bring back its soil the earth
On June 2, 2003, european spaceflight bureau blasts off " Martian express " detector. This is the detector of the first spark that Europe develops jointly. On January 23, 2004, agitato of European spaceflight bureau announces, "Martian express " not disgrace mission, corroborant spark surface is put in freezing water.
As this second " spark 500 " one of plan spo the most popular loony tunes golden nsor, european spaceflight bureau is aimed at the design program of satellitic detector of spark at beginning to make 2007, so that can defend fire smoothly the edaphic example of one,bring back the earth.
Look in European spaceflight branch, defend the exploration activity of one to will be in to fire 15~20 will begin to carry out inside year henceforth.
China: Will launch first detector
In recent years, china quickened the pace that aerospace explores. This second " Martian ― 500 " there is exclusive Chinese volunteer Wang Yue in the participator of the plan. Many 6000 volunteer of 40 many countries participates in competition, course postulate choose, medicine choose, psychology choose, strict interview and concentration train wait many rounds to choose, wang Yue shows itself finally.
In addition, china will launch first spark to explore a satellite this year " firebug fire " . Chinese spark exploration plan is in early put forward 2006, in June 2007, in Russia signs agreement of business affairs cooperation formally -- two countries is explored at beginning spark jointly in October 2009.
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Why should the mankind ascend spark?
The value of spark of report from our correspondent is next to a moon. Through exploring spark, can make earthly person is a mirror with spark, explore the world " preexistence this life " , the earth that protects our mankind place to live better then spares destruction.
It is " pocket earth "
Martian diameter is earthly half about, have rare aerosphere, rotation cycle is 22.6 seconds, compare earthly most only many hour, also have the branch of Chun Xiaqiu winter, because this spark has " pocket earth " say.
Additional, spark is the closest from the earth in the planet outside earthly orbit, the terrestrial area of its surface area and earth is about the same. Not only such, martian detector already proved to there is water on spark, this is the main factor that is the most popular mountain t shirts helpful for life forming.
Contain a lot ofiron ore material
The material of star catalogue face forms fire to also have development latent capacity extremely. Spark shows tangerine in night sky syncopation, because it contains a lot offerric oxide,be, it is gules soil and rock everywhere. Its iron content is such tall, in the first of all in aerospace, if can be extracted from inside soil in great quantities, will become spark for a tremendous and clinking ironworks, add it to be apart from special place of the earth, enough is earthly place to use. In Martian air 95% it is carbon dioxide, if use what go from the belt on the earth,a few fluid hydrogen can produce many oxygen, firedamp and water, can yet be regarded as a kind of efficient and cheap fuel.
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